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Introduction

Gabion fence and gate at the new Jewish cemetery of Bila Tserkva (Zakarpattia oblast). Photo © ESJF.
This page lists print and electronic references which provide information to guide the maintenance and repair of fences, gates, walls around Jewish cemeteries. These references are relevant to the guide section on cemetery access and protection on this website. Some of the references are intended to aid the design and construction of new fences or walls; this information can also be used to support strategies for maintaining existing cemetery boundary protections. Fences and walls can be constructed from a very wide variety of materials using broad but region-specific methods; sometimes the best references for cemetery fences and walls in western Ukraine will be the more general designs seen when simply traveling the area.
Most of the references listed here detail considerations, tools, and methods for repairing and maintaining (or designing and constructing) lightweight fences and walls intended only to mark and protect cemetery boundaries, but some of the print references also include information on heavier retaining walls for structure and soil management, and several of the web pages either address this issue directly or link to other web pages where the topic is covered in more detail.
Because these lists are lengthy, we have divided them into categories for simpler review; many of the references overlap two or more categories. A few of the listed references are highlighted with brief summaries in the first section below, “key references”. Other useful resources on this subject may be found in the sections on regional and international experts, and on technical tools, methods, and data. Except where noted otherwise, all references listed here are in English.
Key References
Fences, Walls & Gates: Building Techniques, Tools and Materials, Design Ideas; Sunset Books, eds.; Oxmoor House, 2004.
Although tailored for homes and gardens in the western US, this is a practical introduction to the styles, materials, and construction methods of a wide variety of fences, walls, and gates, and is easily adapted to other regions. An introductory section on considerations and design ideas includes images and suggestions for wooden and metal fences, masonry walls, living fences, gates, and detailing. The building basics section outlines tools, materials, and methods from layout to post setting to rails and siding; masonry wall methods are explained for concrete, brick, and natural stone. Additional details are included on gate construction, fasteners, and hardware. The book is out of print, but is freely available to borrow electronically via the Internet Archive and their Open Library.
How to build a gabion wall; Catherine Stewart; Garden Drum; web page, 2012.
A clear and well-illustrated guide to building attractive walls primarily with stone, using materials and do-it-yourself methods suitable for builders without professional experience or tools. Based on a single home project, but with comments to explain the decisions made so that the guide can be used in a broader range of projects.
Printed and Electronic Books
Design and Construction of Fences, Walls, and Gates
- The Fence Bible; Jeff Beneke; Storey Publishing, 2005.
- Fences, Walls & Gates: Building Techniques, Tools and Materials, Design Ideas; Sunset Books, eds.; Oxmoor House, 2004.
Materials: Stone and Other Masonry
- Drystone Retaining Walls: Design, Construction and Assessment; Paul F. McCombie, Jean-Claude Morel, and Denis Garnier; Taylor & Francis, 2016. Free download available.
Materials: Wood
- Wood in the Landscape: A Practical Guide to Specification and Design; Daniel M. Winterbottom; Wiley, 2000.
Journal Articles, Reports, and Web Pages
Design and Construction of Fences, Walls, and Gates
- How to build a fence; The Conservation Volunteers; web page, undated.
- How To Build Walls; The Stone Trust; web page, undated.
Materials: Stone and Other Masonry
- Dry Stone Walls; Moses Jenkins; Historic Scotland, 2020.
- Handbook for Building and Repair of Stone Walls; Kirsti Horn, ed.; Sustainable Heritage / Novia University of Applied Sciences, 2013.
- How to build or repair a dry stone wall; The Conservation Volunteers; web page, undated.
- Foundations and Wall Footings; Ingval Maxwell; Historic Scotland, 2008.
- Domestic Boundary Walls; Ingval Maxwell; Historic Scotland, 2008.
- Stone Wall Repair Workshop: Ellsworth Rock Gardens; Mary Graves; NCPTT, 2007.
- Repairing Traditional Brickwork; Moses Jenkins; Historic Environment Scotland, 2020.
- Repointing Brick and Stone Walls: Guidelines for Best Practice; David Pickles et al.; Historic England, 2017.
- Repointing Rubble Stonework; Ingval Maxwell; Historic Scotland, 2007.
- Restoration Mortars for Masonry Repairs; Clare Torney; Historic Environment Scotland, 2016.
- Lime and Cement in Traditional Mortars; David Mitchell and Clare Torney; Historic Environment Scotland, 2016.
- Hot-Mixed Lime Mortars; Jessica Hunnisett Snow; Historic Environment Scotland, 2016.
- Exterior Masonry Steps; Moses Jenkins and Jessica Snow; Historic Scotland, 2014.
- How to build a gabion wall; Catherine Stewart; Garden Drum; web page, 2012.
- How to build a gabion wall – a complete and simple guide; TAG Level; web page, undated.
Materials: Iron, Steel, and Other Metals
- Boundary Ironwork: A guide to re-instatement; Historic Scotland, 2005.
- The Maintenance and Repair of Architectural Cast Iron; John G. Waite and Margot Gayle; US National Park Service Preservation Brief; web page, 1991.
- The Maintenance of Iron Gates and Railings; Ali Davey; Historic Scotland, 2007.
Materials: Wood
- Wooden Artifacts in Cemeteries: A Reference Manual; Anthony & Associates / NCPTT, 2009.
Maintenance of Fences, Walls, and Gates
- Conservation Talk – The Top Five Cemetery Fence Problems; Michael Trinkley; AGS Quarterly Vol.35 No.4, Fall 2011.
- Conservation Talk – Cemetery Vandalism; Michael Trinkley; AGS Quarterly Vol.35 No.1, Winter 2011.
- The Other White “Paint” (Limewash); NCPTT; web page, 2009.
- Durability of Traditional and Modified Limewashes; Sarah Marie Jackson, Tue Botting, and Mary Striegel; APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology, 38:2-3, 2007; pp. 19-28.
- Study on the Durability of Traditional and Modified Limewash Recipes: Results for Weathered and Rough-sawn New Wood; NCPTT, 2005.
- Comparative Study of Commercially Available Rust Converters; Jason Church and Anna Muto; NCPTT, 2014.
- Lime Rendering; Kirsti Horn, ed.; Sustainable Heritage / Novia University of Applied Sciences, 2011.
Videos
Materials: Stone and Other Masonry
- Building Dry Stone Retaining Walls; Dry Stone Conservancy / NCPTT, YouTube, 2001.
- Walls of Stone: How to Build Drystone Walls and Rock Fences; NCPTT, YouTube, 1996.
- Retaining America’s Dry Stone Heritage; NCPTT, YouTube, 2008.
- Gabion Wall DIY 2018; Our Smallish Farm, YouTube, 2018.
- DIY Gabion Walls; homesteadonomics, YouTube, 2015.
Materials: Iron, Steel, and Other Metals
- Iron Fence Repair; Jason Church; NCPTT, YouTube, 2007.
- Basics for Iron Fencing Care; NCPTT; YouTube, 2009.
- Basics in Iron Fence Care; NCPTT; YouTube, 2012.
- Cemetery Ironwork; Chicora Foundation; web page, undated.
Materials: Wood
- Preservation Issues of Wooden Grave Markers and Other Wooden Artifacts; Ronald W. Anthony and Kimberly D. Dugan; NCPTT, YouTube, 2009.
Maintenance of Fences, Walls, and Gates
- Application and Preparation of Limewash; Sarah Marie Jackson; NCPTT, YouTube, 2008.