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Introduction
Most of the key references for the design and development of memorials at Jewish cemeteries and mass graves in western Ukraine can be found on the references page for project concepts on this website rather than here. This is because memorials at burial sites are public art; the development needs and issues can vary significantly depending on the concepts and constraints at individual sites, and memorials should be carefully integrated with the survey, landscape, signage, and communication efforts of the project – and especially with plans for sustaining the site.
The references listed here are intended to support activists in three primary topics of memorial development and sustaining: the selection and incorporation of symbols of Jewish identity in physical memorials, the maintenance of monuments constructed of stone and/or concrete, and additional considerations both for inspiration and for caution. Further references for the first topic are found on the project concept references page, and for the latter topic on the stone conservation references page.
Because these lists are lengthy, we have divided them into categories for simpler review; many of the references overlap two or more categories. A few of the listed references are highlighted with brief summaries in the first section below, “key references”. Other useful resources on this subject may be found in the sections on regional and international experts, and on technical tools, methods, and data. Except where noted otherwise, all references listed here are in English.
Key References
Monuments and Memorials; James E. Young; The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, web page, 2010.
An excellent introduction to the purposes and variety of Jewish memorials and the monuments often constructed to carry and preserve memory, this essay discusses the history of Jewish-origin memorial markers and monuments across Eastern Europe, both before and after the Holocaust. The particular problems of marking Jewish burial sites stripped of prior markers (matzevot and shrines to religious leaders in cemeteries) or which have never had visual memorials (wartime mass graves) are considered and placed in context of Jewish funerary and memorial traditions. The essay includes an extensive list of further resources in book form.
Samuel Gruber’s Jewish Art & Monuments; Samuel D. Gruber; website/blog, 2008~present.
A blog site with additional links and resources authored by one of the leading academics researching and writing on Jewish public art and memory. Grounded in practical knowledge of the enormous problems of Jewish heritage sites in post-war Europe (Gruber served as Research Director of the US Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad, which produced the first comprehensive survey of Jewish burial sites in Ukraine among other countries) and continuously refreshed by ongoing visits to art and heritage sites in Europe, the blog connects modern architecture and monument design reviews with historical traditions and the evolution of symbolism, frequently reflecting on memory and meaning. A selection of blog posts relevant to symbols and motifs in cemeteries, signs, and sculpture is linked below; the site is text-searchable for these and other topics.
Printed and Electronic Books
Materials and Construction
- Conserving Concrete Heritage Experts Meeting; Alice Custance-Baker and Susan Macdonald; Getty Conservation Institute; 2015. Free e-book available.
- Lectures on Materials Science for Architectural Conservation; Giorgio Torraca; Getty Conservation Institute; 2009. Free e-book available.
Journal Articles, Reports, and Web Pages
Memorial Styles, Design, and Examples
- Public Art and Memory; Samuel D. Gruber; website and blog, 2012~present.
- Monument-Related Books, Articles, and Links (Bibliography); Stone Quarries and Beyond, web page, undated.
Jewish Symbolism and Themes
- Monuments and Memorials; James E. Young; The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, web page, 2010.
- Rachel and the Rabbi: In Paris’s Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Two Very Different Representatives of 19th-Century French Judaism Come Together in Nearby Tombs; Samuel D. Gruber; Samuel Gruber’s Jewish Art & Monuments; website, 2020.
- Two Grubers on Holocaust Memory in Eastern Europe; Samuel D. Gruber and Ruth Ellen Gruber; Samuel Gruber’s Jewish Art & Monuments; blog post, 2009.
- Holocaust Memorials in American Synagogues; Samuel D. Gruber; Samuel Gruber’s Jewish Art & Monuments; website, 2020.
- Germany: Holocaust Reminders at the U-Bahn and S-Bahn Stations; Samuel D. Gruber; Samuel Gruber’s Jewish Art & Monuments; website, 2017.
- International Survey of Jewish Monuments (ISJM); website, 1977~present. Also with an active Facebook page.
Materials and Construction
- Mechanical Anchor Strength in Stone Masonry; Kelly Streeter; APT / NCPTT, 2008.
Care of Existing Memorials
- The Conservation, Repair and Management of War Memorials; David Odgers et al.; Historic England, 2016.
- Conservation and Management of War Memorial Landscapes; Jenifer White et al.; Historic England, 2016.
- Conserving War Memorials: Structural Problems and Repairs; James Miller; Historic England, 2017.
- Conserving War Memorials Case Study: Differential Movement of Foundations; Mary Claxton; Historic England, 2017.
- Conserving War Memorials Case Study: Deterioration of Metal Fixings; Lynda Jubb and Richard Clews; Historic England, 2017.
- Conserving War Memorials: Cleaning; Clara Willett; Historic England, 2017.
- Conserving War Memorials Case Study: Cleaning; David Odgers et al.; Historic England, 2017.
- Conserving War Memorials Case Study: The Conservation of Mortar-Filled Inscriptions; David Odgers; Historic England, 2017.
- Conserving War Memorials Case Study: Deterioration of Metal Fixings; Lynda Jubb and Richard Clews; Historic England, 2017.
Videos
Care of Existing Memorials
- Conservation: War Memorials, Part 1; Clara Willett and Andrew McMaster; Historic England, 2020.
- Conservation: War Memorials, Part 2; Rupert Harris, David Odgers, and Clara Willett; Historic England, 2020.
- Caring for War Memorials: Why Are They Important?; Historic England; YouTube, 2019.
- Caring for War Memorials: How to Protect Them; Historic England; YouTube, 2019.
- Approaches to Stone War Memorials Conservation; Historic England; YouTube, 2019.
- Conserving Carved Inscriptions on Stone War Memorials: Approaches; Historic England; YouTube, 2019.
- Conserving Carved Inscriptions on Stone War Memorials: Legibility and Condition; Historic England; YouTube, 2017.
- Conserving Carved Inscriptions on Stone War Memorials: Inpainting; Historic England; YouTube, 2017.
- Conserving Carved Inscriptions on Stone War Memorials: Recutting; Historic England; YouTube, 2017.
- Conserving Carved Inscriptions on Stone War Memorials: Replacement; Historic England; YouTube, 2017.
- Conserving Stone War Memorials: Reasons for Cleaning; Historic England; YouTube, 2019.
- Conserving Stone War Memorials: Water Washing; Historic England; YouTube, 2019.
- Conserving Stone War Memorials: Chemical Cleaning; Historic England; YouTube, 2019.
- Conserving Stone War Memorials: Cleaning with Biocides; Historic England; YouTube, 2019.
- Conserving Metalwork on War Memorials; Historic England; YouTube, 2019.
- 3D Recording of War Memorials; Historic England; YouTube, 2019.